What Is Embryo Clone Present?

by Ben

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Posted on 11-08-2020 02:07 AM

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The most immediate application of cloning is improved breeding by being able to directly reproduce an animal with a desirable set of genetic traits. A powerful example is reproducing animals from transgenic embryos (embryos with foreign genes) for pharmaceutical production. A case in point: one of the most promising new anti-cancer treatments is an antiangiogenesis drug (a drug that inhibits tumors from creating the new capillary networks needed for their growth) called aaatiii, which is produced in the milk of transgenic goats.

Reproductive cloning isn't allowed in humans, but it has happened with many animals. The process is the same as for the start of therapeutic cloning - you take a cell from the patient, remove the nucleus and put it into an empty egg, and shock the embryo to life. With reproductive cloning, you then need to implant the embryo, and it should grow like any normal pregnancy.

The idea behind cloning is to harvest cells from a donor, raise them to embryonic stage in a petri dish, and then place them in a surrogate to grow to term. However, there is a possibility that the age of the donor could be imprinted on the growing embryo. Tis would cause premature aging issues and potentially lead to premature death.

The next scientific milestone was the successful cloning of the first mammal by somatic cell nuclear transfer at the roslin institute in scotland. Researchers removed the nuclei of 277 sheep’s ova and fused the ova with mammary gland cells from other sheep. They managed to get 29 embryos growing, and implanting these to surrogate mother sheep resulted in 13 pregnancies. One pregnancy was carried to term, and a healthy lamb, dolly, was born on 5 july 1996. 12.

By louise gaille cloning is a process that creates new life by copying the cell data of a living host. The cell data is gathered from the host and then implanted into an embryo, which undergoes a normal development cycle. Once born, the individual is a physical copy of the living host that had the cell data collected from it.

To be clear, then, the most dramatically contested area here is the cloning of human beings for reproductive purposes, i. E. For making babies who grow up to be fully-grown adults and fully-fledged members of their societies. Research on human embryos, including nuclear transfer clones, is widely allowed for fourteen days after conception; and the subsequent cultivation and scientific and therapeutic use of human embryonic stem cells is in most countries (not all) 18 accepted. Human reproduction is at the heart of the cloning issue, ethically speaking, with the ideas of design and the historically ever-popular theme of enhancing individuals and improving the human race. 19.

Over the last 50 years, scientists have conducted cloning experiments in a wide range of animals using a variety of techniques. In 1979, researchers produced the first genetically identical mice by splitting mouse embryos in the test tube and then implanting the resulting embryos into the wombs of adult female mice. Shortly after that, researchers produced the first genetically identical cows, sheep and chickens by transferring the nucleus of a cell taken from an early embryo into an egg that had been emptied of its nucleus.

Techniques of Human Cloning and Claim of Success

Despite several highly publicized claims, human cloning still appears to be fiction. There currently is no solid scientific evidence that anyone has cloned human embryos. In 1998, scientists in south korea claimed to have successfully clone present clone coffee mug gifts clone d a human embryo, but said the experiment was interrupted very early when the clone was just a group of four cells. In 2002, clonaid, part of a religious group that believes humans were created by extraterrestrials, held a news conference to announce the birth of what it claimed to be the first present ideas clone gift mug clone clone present d human, a girl named eve. However, despite repeated requests by the research community and the news media, clonaid never provided any evidence to confirm the existence of this clone or the other 12 human gifts clone clone mugs clone coffee mug s it purportedly created.

A human clone would begin it’s life as an infant, no matter how old the donor. Great britain is the only country that cloning can be done, but for medical purposes only. All other countries have bans on the practice of human cloning of any kind. The company clonaid, claims to have successfully cloned humans.

Should humans be cloned? should human cloning be banned ? a major objection to human cloning is that cloned embryos are used to produce embryonic stem cells and the cloned embryos are ultimately destroyed. The same objections are raised with regard to stem cell therapy research that uses embryonic stem cells from non-cloned sources. Changing developments in stem cell research , however, could help ease concerns over stem cell use. Scientists have developed new techniques for generating embryonic-like stem cells. These cells could potentially eliminate the need for human embryonic stem cells in therapeutic research. Other ethical concerns about cloning involve the fact that the current process has a very high failure rate. According to the genetic science learning center, the cloning process only has a success rate of between 0. 1 to 3 percent in animals.

Human cloning refers to the creation of replicas or identical copies of human through genetic engineering techniques. Human cloning was a popular theme in science fiction literature but technological progress has made possible the clonation of species. Scientists have already managed to successfully clone plants and animals and in theory using similar technologies they could also create copies of humans. There are two processes through which humans could be in theory cloned:.

It is technically possible to clone humans using the same method which made dolly. However, following the debate surrounding dolly’s birth, human cloning for the purposes of producing more humans (reproductive cloning) has been banned in many countries around the world, including the uk. There have been some claims in the media of successful human reproductive cloning, but no scientific evidence has been produced to support these claims.

At the moment, it seems unlikely that cloning by techniques like scnt will play a major role in future scientific research unless the success rate is dramatically improved. However, it is impossible to predict what will happen in science – before 1997 most scientists would have claimed that dolly could never be created.

Benefits of Human Cloning

Although not clear to its full potential, human cloning benefits are expected to be numerous for human race. Let us have a look at such potential and achieved benefits. The process of creation of genetically identical person from either a living or dead person is known as human cloning. It includes the production of clone tissues, also donated from the individual to be cloned. This term refers to artificial human cloning only. The birth of twins is called natural human cloning. Even though the birth of twins is the result of natural human cloning they are separate people with separate experience. The presence of identical dna makes no difference in their being different personalities. The scientific community all over the world is still investigating the question how similar the original and its clone would be and this may depend up on how much of personality traits are determined by genes.

Human cloning is not as simple as just replicating a person. There are various scientific and technological obstacles to performing this study. In terms of science, human cloning has its own benefits and problems, especially therapeutic cloning. One of the main advantages of using stem cells isolated from embryos is that the cells are pluripotent. This means that these cells are able to differentiate into any cell type in the human body except embryo cells. Hence, pluripotent cells have the potential to grow and produce healthy organs or to treat any body organ (tissue) diseases by replacing defective cells; for instance, this could involve using pluripotent cells to replace abnormal red blood cells in sickle-celled anaemia disease or to replace damaged heart tissue, thereby preventing cardiovascular diseases (explorestemcells, 2010).

Reproductive cloning may enable researchers to make copies of animals with the potential benefits for the fields of medicine and agriculture. For instance, the same scottish researchers who cloned dolly have cloned other sheep that have been genetically modified to produce milk that contains a human protein essential for blood clotting. The hope is that someday this protein can be purified from the milk and given to humans whose blood does not clot properly. Another possible use of cloned animals is for testing new drugs and treatment strategies. The great advantage of using cloned animals for drug testing is that they are all genetically identical, which means their responses to the drugs should be uniform rather than variable as seen in animals with different genetic make-ups.

Role of the scientist is to break the laws of nature. - steen wiladsen - cloning and genetic modification are in existence because the promise for possible benefits. Aside from the benefits of cloning animals, there are many supposed benefits, which would be brought by human cloning. However, it is important to point.

Out the majority of these listed benefits are just assumed possibilities, since the cloning of humans has not yet been completed. People who are in favor of human cloning say that the technological benefits clearly outweigh the possible social consequences. Cloning chuman cloning could help infertile couples have the children that they were never able to.

The benefits of human cloning in recent years, many new breakthroughs in the areas of science and technology have been discovered. A lot of these discoveries have been beneficial to scientific community and to the people of the world. One of the newest breakthroughs is the ability to clone. Ever since ian wilmut and his co-workers completed the successful cloning of an adult sheep named dolly, there has been an ongoing debate on whether it is right or wrong to continue the research of cloning (burley). Recently, in february 2001, cnn conducted a poll that stated, 90% of american adults think that cloning humans is a bad idea (robinson). Even though the majority of americans are opposed to human cloning, …show more content….

The successful cloning of a mammal from an adult somatic cell nucleus opens new avenues for major advances in reproductive medicine, biotechnology and cellular-based transplantation therapies for degenerative diseases. At the same time, this breakthrough has generated much heated discussion concerning the ethics of cloning. Twinning is a form of cloning, and there are instances in clinical assisted reproduction in which the deliberate formation of twins by embryo dissection would seem ethically acceptable. Nuclear transfer technology might facilitate the derivation of human embryonic stem cells, capable of differentiation into a wide variety of somatic cell lineages. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into specific cell types in vitro could provide a universal source of cells for transplantation therapy. The potential benefits of therapeutics based on cloning technologies are considerable, and hasty legislation to ban all such procedures could block progress in critical arenas of biomedical research.

Hard Drive Cloning Software – What It Is and Why You Need It

Share: there will be plenty of occasions when we need to copy and recreate the hard drive. However, efficiently always remains a concern for all of us. Data loss and poor copying have always been subject for debate for the copy of hard disk. The best alternative for it is the cloning of the hard drive instead of the copying. There are many differences between copying and cloning. The major difference is that in cloning one copies sector by sector data. There are lot of benefits of that but the most important thing is to do it. It is not possible to do it in the normal windows. However, with the new easeus disk copy, you can achieve lot more than just cloning as well.

Basically, disk cloning is the process of perfectly copying every bit of information from one computer hard drive to another disk. Often, the contents of the first disk are written to an image file as an intermediate step. The second disk is then created with the contents of the image.

Cloning of hard drive the cloning of hard drive simply means the copying of data sector by sector. However, there are two questions that keep on coming to the mind. The first is how to clone a hard drive and why it is important? well these are very significant parts of any copying to and from the disk. The process is followed when we replace or update the hard drive.

Disk cloning software replicates a computer's operating system, drives, software, and patches. It eliminates the time-consuming technical process of manually reinstalling and reconfiguring a system so you can perform one or more of the following: reboot and restore a computer to an earlier version set up multiple computers with duplicate configurations upgrade hard drives to larger capacities or replace a damaged hard drive.

The easeus disk copy makes it very easy to clone a hard drive. You need not to have any technical knowledge to do so and all you have to do is download the software. Once installed, the tool will be self sufficient to clone the disk. All you have to do is to click the source hard drive and then select the option for disk copy. You can then simply follow the wizard to clone the disk to another disk. It doesn’t matter if you are a novice to technology when you have the easeus tool in your computer.

Back up individual files or folders to the cloud for offsite protection and remote access. Back up an entire computer periodically. The disk-image backup includes all boot information, applications, settings, and data and stores all of it to a local, external hard drive or the cloud. When data and applications change, the backup software saves these “incremental” changes. Incremental backups take significantly less time than a new backup (or disk image) of an entire source drive. And, it allows you to recover everything that has happened since the hard disk was first set up.

Why it is important to clone a hard disk the most common problem that we face during copying of the hard drive is the loss of data. However, while cloning you don’t have the fear of losing or manipulation of the data from source to the destination. Why ease us disk copy.

What Is Disk Cloning Software?

The disk copy is the best free hard drive cloning software in the market. It prioritizes the data loss and the security of the data. The tool can also take the backup for the data before cloning it and thus remove slightest of chance to lose data. The best part of the tool is that it can be used for any kind of hard disk irrespective of the configuration. It is also compatible with wide range of windows versions including the latest windows 10 for the use. The software tool is easily available in the easeus official website. However, one can easily get the professional version of the software for enhanced use as well.

Okay, so of course i want to protect my data. Isn’t that what backup software is for? not entirely. Full-image backup software and file and folder backup software are not the same as disk cloning software, though the reasons for using them may overlap. Here are some good guidelines about when to use each:.

Backup vs Disk Cloning Software

When compared to backup software, the biggest benefit of cloning software for most home computer users is that you have a complete image of your computer at a single point in time. For example, you may want to have the “perfect setup” for your family or office, with all applications and settings that you can use again at any time. The data files (such as microsoft word documents, photos, and videos) can be on a separate hard drive or volume. This way, all the computers are in sync; they have the same programs and users will have the same experience regardless of which machine they use. But, each computer can hold different data. So, there may be different word and excel documents on each computer, but the word and excel versions and the user interface — how these programs are accessed — are the same on each computer.

The best cloning software is: simple — utilizes data migration to transfer data. Typically offers the easiest way to backup and restore your system. Make sure the drive cloning software is user-friendly and intuitive. Efficient — allows you to restore multiple computers simultaneously instead of spending hours configuring each computer individually. Flexible — offers options to define when, what, and where to backup your data.

Most users require both backup and cloning solutions. Acronis true image 2020 efficientlyand securely provides continuous data protection while maximizing your computer's performance during backups and minimizing storage space requirements. With acronis true image, you have the benefit of disk backup and disk cloning tools, includingflexible scheduling options, incremental imaging backup, the ability to choose what files and programs are backed up, and a host of choices as to where to store your cloned-disk image.

All that and simple to use too. Even computer novices can use the easy-to-follow wizards guide through the set-up process. Once initial set-up is complete, the drive-cloning software runs automatically, eliminating any further time or effort. Disk-cloning software is the perfect way to protect and manage your precious data. Local and cloud full-image and file-level backup just makes sense. Whether you have one home computer or a small business with multiple computers, acronis true image 2020 protects all your data on all your systems with one solution.

Do clones ever occur naturally?

Animal cloning describes several different processes that could be used to create an animal that is genetically identical to another. The animal with the copied material is the one which is referred to as a clone. Cloning can occur naturally, with some bacterium and plants producing offspring asexually. Natural “clones” can occur when a fertilized egg splits, though the dna is not quite identical, even for identical twins.

The definition of a clone as explained by encyclopaedia britannica is a cell or living thing, an organism, that is "genetically identical to the original cell or organism" from which it comes. The word itself comes from the ancient greek word "klon," which means twig. Single-cell organisms like some yeasts and bacteria naturally reproduce clones of parent cells via budding or binary fission. Individual body cells within plants and animals are clones that occur during a cell-reproduction process called mitosis.

By editor in chief there are several different processes available right now that offer animal cloning as a possibility. In some species, cloning occurs naturally because of asexual reproduction. Identical twins are sometimes referred to as clones, though this is technically inaccurate because their dna is different. With artificial cloning, we can clone for genetic purposes, therapeutic purposes, or reproductive purposes. Most animal cloning pros and cons refer only to the reproductive process, where an animal which is a genetic duplicate of its parent is produced.

What are the types of artificial cloning?

What is cloning? most people don’t know that there are two main types of cloning: therapeutic and reproductive. Therapeutic cloning is closely linked to stem cell research, and involves artificial growth of cells, organs, or tissues for use in research or medical treatment. But when you think of cloning, you’re probably thinking of reproductive cloning, a process that results in a living cloned organism.

When we talk about cloning we differentiate between natural and artificial. The first is present in some plants or bacteria, which produce genetically identical offspring, and also in monozygotic twin siblings (arising from the same fertilised ovule), with practically the same genetic information. As for artificial cloning, there are three types: genetic, reproductive and therapeutic. In the genetic version, the one most used by scientists, genes or segments of dna are copied. In reproductive cloning, whole animals are reproduced, as in the case of dolly, while in the therapeutic technique embryonic stem cells are produced by cloning to create tissues that can replace other damaged ones.

Cloning produced by humans is called artificial cloning. Since ancient times, people have cloned plants by planting stems or leaves clipped from other plants. The cloning of animals, however, was not developed until the 1900s. There are two main types of animal cloning: reproductive and therapeutic.

How are genes cloned?

Cloning could prove helpful in the research of genetics. Using cloning technologies, genetic researchers would have a better understanding of the composition of genes and the effects of genetic constituents on human traits. There is also the likely ability to alter genetic constituents in cloned humans, and cloning could help combat genetic diseases. Discover a mathematical way to observe biology with an online course.

The moral and ethical arguments of cloning mostly refer to human cloning and human reproductive cloning. One of the problems of creating a cloned copy of a human being is that it creates a moral and ethical dilemma. Since the original and the copy are both human beings, but separate, like identical twins (nature's version of cloning), this means that the clone has the same rights as the original and it would be illegal to use the clone's parts or organs for replacement in the original. Some researchers argue that the cloning a child using the genetic material of the donor imposes an unfair situation upon the clone, as the clone has lost the right to have its own genetic material because the original forced its genes onto the clone.

The most common technique used in human cloning is ‘somatic cell nuclear transfer’. Under this technique, the nucleus of an egg cell taken from a donor is removed. Then, the original cell gets fused with another cell of same genetic material to be cloned. Another technique used, is parthenogenesis. This technique involves inducement of unfertilized egg to divide and grow as if it were fertilized. As recently as on may 2005, a team of scientists led by mr hwang woo-suk attached to seoul national university, claimed to have created 11 lines of human stem cells using a different technique.

No. Clones do not always look identical. Although clones share the same genetic material, the environment also plays a big role in how an organism turns out. For example, the first cat to be cloned, named cc, is a female calico cat that looks very different from her mother. The explanation for the difference is that the color and pattern of the coats of cats cannot be attributed exclusively to genes. A biological phenomenon involving inactivation of the x chromosome (see sex chromosome ) in every cell of the female cat (which has two x chromosomes) determines which coat color genes are switched off and which are switched on. The distribution of x inactivation, which seems to occur randomly, determines the appearance of the cat's coat.

Genetic material, or dna, comes preprogrammed so that certain genes are "turned on," or expressed, at certain times while other genes are "turned off. " normal gene expression is integral to normal development of an organism; as cells start to differentiate into different types, such as skin cells, nerve cells and blood cells, genes need to turn on and off in a particular order. Cloned cells, however, may lack the programming necessary to tell genes when to turn on and off. The result may be disorganized cell growth or inappropriate cell functioning, both of which can lead an organism to die.

When they compared the results to the mouse genomic informatics knockout database they found 123 genes that corresponded with functional annotation of abnormal extraembryonic tissue morphology, 121 associated with embryonic lethality, and 14 with abnormal embryo implantation. By day 34 of development, however, the pattern of gene expression was much more similar to control cows derived from artificial insemination, suggesting that these surviving clones were able to implant in the uterus and begin to form a placenta. These results indicate that the large losses of cloned cows before implantation probably result from problems with critical developmental genes in the extraembryonic tissue.

How are animals cloned?

When barbara streisand revealed to variety magazine that she’d had her dog cloned for $50,000, many people learned for the first time that copying pets and other animals is a real business. That’s right: you can pay to clone a dog, a horse or a top beef bull and get a living copy back in a matter of months.

1. The science of cloning is unsuccessful a majority of the time. Despite the numerous success stories of reproductive animal cloning that began with dolly the sheep, 95% of cloning attempts end in failure. Many failed attempts require extensive veterinarian interventions to provide a measure of comfort to the affected animal. Cloning often results in a higher risk of birth defects, impairments, or susceptibility to illness. Even cloned animals that appear healthy have developed unexpected health issues.

With the use of cloning, organisms can be customized to suit the needs of whatever research purposes being done. Using genetic alteration in plants and animals, researchers can replicate organisms needed for research. No longer would there be the worry of scientists harming creatures because these creatures would be cloned specifically for the purpose of research. Read an interesting article on questions for the gcse exam.

In 2017, scientists in shanghai succeeded in cloning two genetically identical long-tailed macaques, small brown and black monkeys with body lengths of 16 to 28 inches. The last successful cloning of a primate was in 1998, but scientists have also cloned about 20 different types of animals including dogs, pigs, frogs, mice, cows and rabbits since the first cloned animal in 1996.

The first successful animal cloning occurred over 22 years ago, after a scottish blackface sheep surrogate mother gave birth to dolly on july 5, 1996, at the roslin institute, part of the university of edinburgh. Cloned from a six-year-old dorset sheep, scientists analyzed her dna at her first birthday and discovered that the telomeres at the end of her dna strands (think eraser on a pencil head) were shorter that they should be for her age. As animals and humans age, these telomeres become shorter. The average age for sheep runs between six to 12 years. Dolly died when she was six, and though she had shortened telomeres, she lived an average life and produced multiple offspring through natural methods, but she also developed diseases in her later years.

After consulting with many independent scientists and experts in cloning, the u. S. Food and drug administration (fda) decided in january 2008 that meat and milk from cloned animals, such as cattle, pigs and goats, are as safe as those from non-cloned animals. The fda action means that researchers are now free to using cloning methods to make copies of animals with desirable agricultural traits, such as high milk production or lean meat. However, because cloning is still very expensive, it will likely take many years until food products from cloned animals actually appear in supermarkets.

Another application is to create clones to build populations of endangered, or possibly even extinct, species of animals. In 2001, researchers produced the first clone of an endangered species: a type of asian ox known as a guar. Sadly, the baby guar, which had developed inside a surrogate cow mother, died just a few days after its birth. In 2003, another endangered type of ox, called the banteg, was successfully cloned. Soon after, three african wildcats were cloned using frozen embryos as a source of dna. Although some experts think cloning can save many species that would otherwise disappear, others argue that cloning produces a population of genetically identical individuals that lack the genetic variability necessary for species survival.

What animals have been cloned?

Most cases of cloning to date -- september 2010 -- have proven unsuccessful. Scientists have attempted to clone a variety of animals, and in almost all cases, the embryo has failed to develop properly or survive for more than a short period of time. The genetic science learning center estimates that the success rate of cloning ranges from only 0. 1 percent to 3 percent. A cloned embryo, for example, faces the same challenges as a natural pregnancy plus others that are particular to cloning.

Cloned embryos that survive pregnancy can be born with a variety of birth defects and other health problems. According to the fda, one phenomenon seen in cloning is that cloned animals tend to be larger than normal at birth, with unusually large organs. Enlarged organs often function improperly, causing problems with circulation, breathing and other bodily functions, sometimes leading to early death. Cloned animals often have malformations of various organs and body parts. In addition, their immune systems may fail to work properly, leading to later disease development.

There are two main techniques for the cloning of animals: the roslin technique and the honolulu technique. The roslin technique was developed by ian wilmut and his colleagues at the roslin institute in scotland. Wilmut can be considered a cloning pioneer in a sense because he created the cloned sheep dolly and the transgenic clone polly.

But there's another angle to cloning. For some, the technology is seen not as a source for stem cells to cure disease, but as a last, best hope for biological offspring, or, mistakenly and tragically, as a means of "bringing back" a lost spouse, child, or other loved one. First of all, says griffin, "only about 1 to 2% of cloned animals make it to live birth. " and you can't even extrapolate that number to humans, because cows and sheep get pregnant much more easily than do women. What's more, many animal clones die late in pregnancy , or early in life, he says.

What are the risks of cloning? one of the main concerns as it relates to human cloning is that the current processes used in animal cloning are only successful a very small percentage of the time. Another concern is that the cloned animals that do survive tend to have various health problems and shorter lifespans. Scientists have not yet figured out why these problems occur and there is no reason to think that these same problems wouldn't happen in human cloning.

1127 words  | 5 pages to andy vidak, cloning can have huge benefits in today’s society. Cloning could benefit multiple types of people, and can also benefit animals. In today’s society,has a lot to bring to the table. For example, animals could be clones to produce products that we use today, or products that we need to survive. What i mean by this is that cloned animals still can have the benefits that a natural animal would have. For example, a cloned cow is still capable of producing meat that other natural cows are.

Ajay said: well, i didn't look up the failure rate for ivf, but there is one, otherwise, why select multiple ovum from every each woman (other than prior to surgical removal of the ovaries). When dolly was first cloned, the success rate was horrible, less than 1% viability. Currently, complex mammals are cloned at a success rate of around 70-80%. The main problem seems to be issues with the epigenetics of somatic nuclei being implanted in the ovum. This results in abnormal development, which would be pretty horrific in the case of humans (for no real benefit, imho).

While the purpose of cloning is to create an exact replica – if scientists cloned a human that appears identical to the original – it raises the questions as to whether the cloned human is an individual separate from the original and is due the same rights as any other human. Human cloning research and techniques could subject the clone to unacceptable risks such as a shortened life, bad health or other unknown problems. In the end, legalizing cloning on a wide-scale basis could lead to a disrespect for human life and the individual worth of a person, which might ultimately diminish all humans in the end.

In biomedical research, cloning is broadly defined to mean the duplication of any kind of biological material for scientific study, such as a piece of dna or an individual cell. For example, segments of dna are replicated exponentially by a process known as polymerase chain reaction , or pcr, a technique that is used widely in basic biological research. The type of cloning that is the focus of much ethical controversy involves the generation of cloned embryos , particularly those of humans, which are genetically identical to the organisms from which they are derived, and the subsequent use of these embryos for research, therapeutic, or reproductive purposes.

Human reproductive cloning remains universally condemned, primarily for the psychological, social, and physiological risks associated with cloning. A cloned embryo intended for implantation into a womb requires thorough molecular testing to fully determine whether an embryo is healthy and whether the cloning process is complete. In addition, as demonstrated by 100 failed attempts to generate a cloned macaque in 2007, a viable pregnancy is not guaranteed. Because the risks associated with reproductive cloning in humans introduce a very high likelihood of loss of life, the process is considered unethical. There are other philosophical issues that also have been raised concerning the nature of reproduction and human identity that reproductive cloning might violate. Concerns about eugenics , the once popular notion that the human species could be improved through the selection of individuals possessing desired traits, also have surfaced, since cloning could be used to breed “better” humans, thus violating principles of human dignity, freedom, and equality.

There are, in mankind, two kinds of heredity: biological and cultural. Cultural inheritance makes possible for humans what no other organism can accomplish: the cumulative transmission of experience from generation to generation. In turn, cultural inheritance leads to cultural evolution, the prevailing mode of human adaptation. For the last few millennia, humans have been adapting the environments to their genes more often than their genes to the environments. Nevertheless, natural selection persists in modern humans, both as differential mortality and as differential fertility, although its intensity may decrease in the future. More than 2,000 human diseases and abnormalities have a genetic causation. Health care and the increasing feasibility of genetic therapy will, although slowly, augment the future incidence of hereditary ailments. Germ-line gene therapy could halt this increase, but at present, it is not technically feasible. The proposal to enhance the human genetic endowment by genetic cloning of eminent individuals is not warranted. Genomes can be cloned; individuals cannot. In the future, therapeutic cloning will bring enhanced possibilities for organ transplantation, nerve cells and tissue healing, and other health benefits.

The rapid advancements in science and technology over the last couple of decades has meant that mankind is exploring newer frontiers and challenging long-held beliefs and notions. One such field is cloning. Creating exact copies or cloning human beings has always fired the human imagination. This desire has manifested itself in various art and entertainment depicting cloned humans. The successful cloning of ‘dolly’ in 1997 further fueled talk about the possibility of human cloning. Over the years, cloning has come to mean an artificial and identical genetic copy of an existing life form.

The negative effects of human cloning contravene nature, because it is not via the natural reproductive process, which is by a man and a woman. Human cloning is creating life. It is also inhuman because a clone makes no differences as us. A clone must eat, drink and carry out any other metabolic processes in order to survive. The clone may even be better than his original host. It would be inhumane to treat them as ‘special species’ so if human is cloned it will make us to be a property which can be sold to anybody else. In other words, selling humans is unethical, inhumane and immoral.

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